COVID Blacklist: Margaret "Peggy" Hamburg
Fauci's former protege who helped break the FDA... and release monkeypox?

Margaret Hamburg
Margaret Ann “Peggy” Hamburg, MD is an American physician and public health administrator. Over her career, she has managed to occupy high-level offices across pretty much all the federal agencies leading the COVID-19 operation in the United States and worldwide - including Fauci’s NIAID, NIH, CDC, FDA, HHS - and the NGOs that brought you Operation Dark Winter, Event 201, Clade X, and… well, monkeypox, I guess.
She worked in public office under Presidents Reagan, Bush Sr., Clinton, and Obama, switching to the private sector under Bush Jr., Trump and Biden.
She’s also got a very interesting connection to a company helping roll out mRNA vaccine technology to the world - for gene editing.
Let’s go through her career and familiarize ourselves with this woman’s contributions to the COVID-19 crisis (and the world she’s helping build moving forward).
Education
Hamburg earned her B.A. from Harvard College and her M.D. from Harvard Medical School at Harvard University, and she completed her medical residency at Weill Cornell Medical Center. She is a fellow of the American College of Physicians.
Career
Early in her career, Hamburg conducted neuroscience and neuropharmacology research at the National Institute of Mental Health under the National Institutes of Health, and at Rockefeller University.1
Fun fact: In 1977, the Washington Post reported that senior officials at the NIMH were likely aware that the Central Intelligence Agency funnelled money to the institute to administer LSD and other drugs to federal prisoners at Lexington, Kentucky as a part of the MK-ULTRA program.2
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (1989-1990)
From May 1989 to May 1990, Hamburg served as the Assistant Director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) under Dr. Anthony Fauci.3 In this position, she participated in HIV/AIDS policy development and research.4
New York City (1991-1997)
Hamburg served as Commissioner of the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene from 1991-1997. Her accomplishments in that position include promoting needle-exchange programs to reduce the spread of HIV, initiating the first public health bioterrorism program in the nation, and creating a program to reduce the resurgence of tuberculosis, an effort that became a model for health departments worldwide.5
Department of Health and Human Services (1997-2001)

In 1997, President Bill Clinton named Hamburg assistant secretary for planning and evaluation in the United States Department of Health and Human Services.
Nuclear Threat Initiative (2001-2009)
Hamburg was founding vice president and senior scientist at the Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI) where she worked on reforms to reduce the dangers associated with modern bioterrorism and infectious diseases such as pandemic influenza.
In June 2001, Hamburg participated in the Operation Dark Winter exercise at Andrews Air Force Base simulating a bioterrorism event involving weaponized smallpox. She participated as a “fictionalized” version of her real-world prior position at the Department of Health and Human Services.6
She left the NTI in 2009 to accept the leadership position for the Food and Drug Administration, but returned years later as chair of the NTI | bio Advisory Group and the Interim Vice President of Global Biological Policy and Programs.7
Henry Schein (2003)
Hamburg formerly served as a member of the board of directors for Henry Schein, appointed in 2003.8
Henry Schein is one of the largest distributors of vaccines in the world, offering products from companies like Bayer, Chiron, Medeva, MedImmune, Merck, Ortho Biologicals, Pasteur Merieux Connaught, SmithKline Beecham, and Wyeth Lederie.9
Sidwell Friends School (2004-2009)
Hamburg is a member of the Medical Advisory Team for the Sidwell Friends School, where her kids attended. She served on the board of trustees from 2004-2009.10
Fun fact: Sidwell Friends School is an elite private school in Washington, DC. Notable former students include Chelsea Clinton,11 Sasha and Malia Obama, Archibald Roosevelt, Joe Biden’s grandchildren, Al Gore III, Tricia and Julie Nixon, Nancy Reagan, Gore Vidal,12 and Bill Nye.13
Our very own Robert F. Kennedy Jr. also attended Sidwell (before transferring to Georgetown Prep School),14 as did actor Jon Bernthal (who I have met in passing several times and seems to be a genuinely good guy).15
Rockefeller University (2005)
In 2005, Hamburg was elected to the board of directors of Rockefeller University.16
Fun fact: Rockefeller University is the oldest biomedical research institute in the United States of America, and has dominated its medical life since 1901.17
The university's first director of laboratories Simon Flexner was the brother of Abraham Flexner, the author of the Flexner Report to Congress. The report was the decisive part of the Rockefeller family's offensive to take over the American medical system.
The school has a sordid past intertwined with the field of eugenics. While working at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, French surgeon and biologist Alexis Carrel suggested the use of gas to euthanize lawbreakers, and in a later edition endorsed the German “suppression” of “the defective.”18
It was also the site of the 2009 Good Club meeting, a secret get-together of some of the world's most powerful billionaires including Bill Gates, Oprah Winfrey, George Soros, Warren Buffett, and Ted Turner, discussing the problem of how to solve overpopulation.19
Predictably, the school has received 25 grants from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation from 2006-2021.20 Funded activities include research into tuberculosis, monoclonal antibodies, diagnostic testing and “novel” vaccines for HIV, ZMapp manufacturing for Ebola prevention, vaccine adjuvants, the microbiome, mother-child transfer of IgG antibodies, gene editing, artificial olfactory receptors, COVID-19 testing assays, evaluating cellular and molecular events post-mRNA vaccine, and monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2.
Food and Drug Administration (2009-2015)

Hamburg served as commissioner of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) from 2009 - 2015 under President Barack Obama.21
As FDA commissioner, she was known for advancing regulatory science, streamlining and modernizing the FDA’s regulatory pathways, globalization of the agency, and implementation of the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act to reduce the death and disease caused by tobacco.
During Hamburg's tenure at the FDA, the agency was criticized for speeding approvals at the expense of safety, while some industry voices indicated the pace was “justified.” The FDA, under Hamburg's leadership approved 51 drugs in 2014 alone, which was noted as being “most in more than 20 years” to which Hamburg attributes to “innovative approaches.”22
National Academy of Medicine (2015-present)

In April 2015, Hamburg was appointed Foreign Secretary of the National Academy of Medicine, formerly the Institute of Medicine (IOM).23
The NAM is a subsidiary of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine, which is funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Carnegie Corporation of New York, Wellcome Trust, Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, Ford Foundation, and the David and Lucile Packard Foundation.24
Hamburg participated on the Climate & Health Initiative Planning Committee, which “convened in 2020 to guide and inform the development of the strategic framework for the Grand Challenge on Climate Change, Human Health, and Equity.”25
Commonwealth Fund (2015-present)
Hamburg was elected to the board of directors of the Commonwealth Fund in July 2015.26
Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (2016-present)
Hamburg is Chair of the Joint Coordination Group for the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI).27 She chaired the group’s first meeting on November 18, 2016 at the World Health Organization Headquarters in Geneva. Issues discussed were:
regulatory science and stockpiling of candidate vaccines;
shared costs/benefits with product developers from private sector;
pull-mechanisms working with entities such as GAVI to further incentivize R&D;
importance of vaccine platforms that can be used/leveraged for several diseases; and
CEPI’s central role in advocacy and resource mobilization.
Fun fact: CEPI was launched in 2017 at the World Economic Forum, co-founded with a $460 million donation from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, and the governments of India and Norway.28
American Association for the Advancement of Science (2017-2019)

Hamburg served as president and chair of the board of the American Association for the Advancement of Science from 2017-2019.
Fun fact: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation has awarded two grants to the AAAS:
$10,000 - To support a symposium hosted by AAAS on broadening access to science, technology, engineering, and math education through technology29
$7,500 - To educate participants representing science, engineering, and technology, about the latest scientific advances30
Alnylam Pharmaceuticals (2018-present)
Hamburg joined the board of directors for Alnylam Pharmaceuticals in 2018.31
Fun fact: Alynylam is a subsidiary of Roche. The company is associated with the patented lipid nanoparticle technology that wound up in the Pfizer and Moderna COVID-19 mRNA gene therapy products, having partnered with Protiva Biotherapeutics in the mid-2000s to develop RNAi products.32
InterAcademy Partnership (2019-present)
Hamburg was inaugurated as co-chair of the InterAcademy Partnership (IAP) on April 11, 2019.33 The group convened in Songdo, Korea to discuss the advancement of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). The event was hosted by the Korean Academy of Science and Technology (KAST).
Lasker Foundation (2020-present)
Hamburg was appointed to the board of directors of the Lasker Foundation in 2020.34
Return to the Nuclear Threat Initiative
After leaving the FDA, Hamburg returned to the Nuclear Threat Initiative. She participated in the Clade X pandemic exercise in 2018, officially held to practice for the need to “counter a fast-moving and deadly epidemic released on purpose by a terrorist group consisting of scientists and their rich backers wanting to reduce overpopulation.”35 36
On October 19, 2020, Hamburg participated in the CSIS-LSHTM High-Level Panel on Vaccine Confidence and Misinformation event held jointly by the Center for Strategic & International Studies and the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.37
She went on to participate in a tabletop exercise at the 2021 Munich Security Conference modelling a fictional international outbreak of monkeypox.38 The exercise was led by the Nuclear Threat Initiative and funded by Open Philanthropy.39 In the exercise scenario, the hypothetical outbreak was set to begin on May 15, 2022. On May 18, 2022, a real confirmed case of monkeypox was reported in an American traveler who had recently returned from Canada.40
Other affiliations
Throughout her official career timeline, Hamburg has participated in an impressive selection of advisory and leadership positions with government, non-government, corporate and academic organizations.
American Museum of Natural History
Hamburg is a member of the board of trustees for the American Museum of Natural History.41
Aspen Institute
Hamburg is associated with the Aspen Institute.42
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Hamburg is a member of the Global Health Scientific Advisory Committee for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.43
Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense
Hamburg is a commissioner on the Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense.44
Broad Institute
Hamburg is a member of the board of directors of the Broad Institute.45
Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS)
Hamburg is a member of the Commission on Strengthening America’s Health Security at the Center for Strategic and International Studies.46
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Hamburg formerly served on the Board of Scientific Counselors at the National Center for Infectious Diseases under the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).47
Central Intelligence Agency
Hamburg has been a member of the Intelligence Science Board for the Central Intelligence Agency.48 49
Conservation International
Hamburg formerly served on the board of directors of Conservation International.
Council on Foreign Relations

Hamburg is a member of the board of directors for the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR).50
In 2020, Hamburg was appointed by the CFR to serve on its Independent Task Force on Improving Pandemic Preparedness.51
COVID Collaborative

Hamburg is a member of the National Advisory Council for the COVID Collaborative.52
Duke-NUS Medical School
Hamburg is chair of the advisory board for the Center of Regulatory Excellence (CoRE) at Duke-NUS Medical School.53
Harvard University
Hamburg is a member of the Harvard University Global Advisory Council, and a member of the board of fellows for Harvard Medical School.
Multi-Regional Clinical Trials Center
Hamburg is a member of the external advisory board of the Multi-Regional Clinical Trials Center of Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard.54
Nathan Cummins Foundation
Hamburg served as a member on the board of directors of the Nathan Cummins Foundation.55
Nature Conservancy
Hamburg is board member for the Nature Conservancy.56
Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy
Hamburg is a board member of the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy.57
Primary Care Development Corporation
Hamburg is affiliated with the Primary Care Development Corporation.58
Rockefeller Foundation
Hamburg formerly served as a member of the board of directors of the Rockefeller Foundation.59
Simons Foundation
Hamburg is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board for the Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative.
University of Washington
Hamburg is a member of the External Advisory Board for the Department of Global Health at the University of Washington.60
Urban Institute
Hamburg is a member of the board of directors for the Urban Institute.61
Wellcome Trust
Hamburg is a member of the Strategic Advisory Board on Vaccines and Drug-resistant Infections for Wellcome Trust.62
World Dementia Council
Hamburg is a member of the board for the World Dementia Council.63
World Economic Forum
Hamburg is associated with the World Economic Forum, including having participated as a speaker on the topic of synthetic biology.64 65
Even More Affiliations
Man, this woman is busy! I can’t even bring myself to stay on Hamburg as a topic much longer, because I have to get through the rest of the Gavi board. As such, here a couple final affiliations I haven’t yet been able to explore:
Hamburg is also affiliated with the Century Foundation, Doctors of the World, Forward Together, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies, and Trust for America's Health.66
I hope you found this informative. Do me a favour and fact-check this for me, and post in the comments if you find any further affiliations or notable resume items I’ve missed.
Margaret A. Hamburg. (2020, January 27). SFARI. https://archive.ph/DjwT9
Richards, B., & Jacobs, J. (1977, August 19). CIA Funded 1956 Research For Hypertension Remedy. Washington Post. https://archive.ph/N2kan
Margaret Hamburg, M.D. LinkedIn. Retrieved May 27, 2022, from https://www.linkedin.com/in/margaret-hamburg/details/experience/
Margaret Hamburg. (2021, June 7). Broad Institute. https://archive.ph/b5SBY
Mahon, M. (2015, July 31). Margaret A. Hamburg, M.D., Elected to Commonwealth Fund Board of Directors. Commonwealth Fund. https://archive.ph/w0DL2
Dark Winter. Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security. Retrieved May 28, 2022, from https://archive.ph/wzTpc
Margaret A. Hamburg, M.D. | Leadership & Staff | About | NTI. (2021, October 5). Wayback Machine; Nuclear Threat Initiative. https://archive.ph/bKgdu
Henry Schein appoints Dr. Margaret Hamburg to Board of Directors. (2003, November 3). Henry Schein. https://archive.ph/QYuPQ
Vaccines and Biologicals. (2022). Henry Schein Medical. https://archive.ph/Vx0wW
Medical Advisory Team. Sidwell Friends. Retrieved June 1, 2022, from https://web.archive.org/web/20220602064113/https://www.sidwell.edu/about/be-sidwell/medical-advisory-team
Cannon, C. M. (1997, June 6). Clinton gives commencement address at daughter Chelsea’s private school “Dad, the girls want you to be wise; the boys just want you to be funny.” Baltimore Sun. https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1997-06-07-1997158013-story.html
Kelley, K. (2015, November 8). Gore Vidal’s Final Feud. Washingtonian. https://www.washingtonian.com/2015/11/08/gore-vidals-final-feud/
Vogel, C. (2006, May 1). Prep schools of the power brokers. Washingtonian. https://www.washingtonian.com/2006/05/01/prep-schools-of-the-power-brokers/
Parade. (2013, November 18). Robert F. Kennedy Jr. on JFK’s Assassination: “We Were All Crying.” Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays. https://parade.com/230476/parade/robert-f-kennedy-jr-on-jfks-assassination-we-were-all-crying/
Kashino, M. M. (2010, November 11). Zombies in Washington. Washingtonian. https://www.washingtonian.com/2010/11/11/zombies-in-washington/
Margaret Hamburg elected to Rockefeller Board of Trustees. (2005, November 2). The Rockefeller University. https://archive.ph/MmgDp
Rockefeller University. (2021, November 26). Wikispooks. https://archive.ph/iGRcn
Schambra, W. A. (2013, October 1). Philanthropy’s Original Sin. Hudson Institute. https://www.hudson.org/research/9747-philanthropy-s-original-sin
Harris, P. (2009, May 30). They’re called the Good Club - and they want to save the world. The Guardian. https://archive.ph/VhYU2
Committed Grants. (2022). Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. https://web.archive.org/web/20220618184128/https://www.gatesfoundation.org/about/committed-grants?q=Rockefeller%20University
Harris, G. (2009, March 11). Ex-New York Health Commissioner Is F.D.A. Pick. The New York Times. https://archive.ph/6pcR
Tavernise, S. (2015, February 5). F.D.A. Commissioner Leaving After Six Years of Breakneck Changes. The New York Times. https://web.archive.org/web/20220529034850/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/06/health/margaret-hamburg-fda-commissioner-stepping-down.html
Walsh, J., & Dickson, C. (2015, April 6). Margaret A. Hamburg appointed as Institute of Medicine Foreign Secretary. National Academies of Science. https://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=04062015
Giving to the National Academies. (2022). National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. https://archive.ph/LCdVe
Climate Change Planning Committee. National Academy of Medicine. Retrieved May 28, 2022, from https://archive.ph/6Q1ZZ
Mahon, M. (2015, July 31). Margaret A. Hamburg, M.D., elected to Commonwealth Fund Board of Directors. Commonwealth Fund. https://archive.ph/w0DL2
CEPI Developments. GloPID-R. Retrieved May 27, 2022, from https://archive.ph/eCK3c
A global coalition to create new vaccines for emerging infectious diseases. (2017, January 18). CEPI. https://archive.ph/miF5c
American Association for the Advancement of Science. (2013, August). Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. https://archive.ph/jpvUA
American Association for the Advancement of Science. (2004, January). Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. https://archive.ph/g1sOQ
The Alnylam® leadership team. Alnylam Pharmaceuticals. Retrieved May 27, 2022, from https://archive.ph/PF7Ic
Zimmermann, T. S., Lee, A. C. H., Akinc, A., Bramlage, B., Bumcrot, D., Fedoruk, M. N., Harborth, J., Heyes, J. A., Jeffs, L. B., John, M., Judge, A. D., Lam, K., McClintock, K., Nechev, L. V., Palmer, L. R., Racie, T., Röhl, I., Seiffert, S., Shanmugam, S., & Sood, V. (2006). RNAi-mediated gene silencing in non-human primates. Nature, 441(7089), 111–114. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04688
World’s science academies gather in Korea to elect new chairs, welcome new members, and stand up for sustainable development. (2019, April 17). InterAcademy Partnership. https://archive.ph/u78xt
Hofschneider, M. Board of Directors. Lasker Foundation. Retrieved May 27, 2022, from https://archive.ph/zb4fI
Alexopulos, N. (2018, May 15). Clade X policy recommendations. Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security. https://archive.ph/y2cq8
Clade X Slides. (2018). Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security. https://web.archive.org/web/20220113152430/https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/events/2018_clade_x_exercise/pdfs/Clade-X-exercise-presentation-slides.pdf
Bliss, K. E., Morrison, J. S., & Larson, H. J. (2020, October 19). Call to action: CSIS-LSHTM High-Level Panel on Vaccine Confidence and Misinformation. Center for Strategic & International Studies. https://archive.ph/6pO70
Yassif, J., Kevin, P., O'prey, Christopher, R., & Isaac. (2021). Strengthening global systems to prevent and respond to high-consequence biological threats. Nuclear Threat Initiative. https://web.archive.org/web/20220527194423/https://www.nti.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/NTI_Paper_BIO-TTX_Final.pdf
Strengthening global systems to prevent and respond to high-consequence biological threats. (2021, November 23). The Nuclear Threat Initiative. https://archive.ph/t3sph
Reilly, P. (2022, May 18). First case of monkeypox confirmed in US this year in man who had traveled to Canada. New York Post. https://archive.ph/YVWsW
Board of Trustees. (2022, April 29). American Museum of Natural History. https://archive.ph/KDzUf
Purves, J., & Thomson, T. (2022, February 24). Increasing Access to Affordable, Life-Saving Medicines: Framework Released by Working Group Headed by Former FDA Commissioners. The Aspen Institute. https://archive.ph/WB0fp
Scientific Advisory Committee. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Retrieved May 27, 2022, from https://archive.ph/ChEAt
Dr. Margaret A. Hamburg. Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense. Retrieved May 28, 2022, from https://biodefensecommission.org/teams/margaret-a-hamburg/
Board of Directors. (2016, June 10). Broad Institute. https://archive.ph/ld0U8
Coronavirus Crisis Update: Fmr. FDA Commissioner Dr. Margaret Hamburg on Testing and Where We Go From Here. Center for Strategic and International Studies. Retrieved May 27, 2022, from https://web.archive.org/web/20220527150503/https://www.csis.org/podcasts/take-directed/coronavirus-crisis-update-fmr-fda-commissioner-dr-margaret-hamburg-testing
Margaret A. Hamburg, MD, named FDA Commissioner. (2009, March 11). Friends of Cancer Research. https://archive.ph/EhJin
CIA Intelligence Science Board. (2016). NNDB. https://www.nndb.com/gov/019/000172500/
Countering the Threat of Radiological Weapons. (2005, July 27). Center for American Progress. https://archive.ph/ntd56
Margaret (Peggy) Hamburg. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved May 27, 2022, from https://archive.ph/8BIMO
Bollyky, T. J., & Patrick, S. M. (2020, October). The U.S. Must Learn From COVID-19 to Prevent the Next Disaster. Council on Foreign Relations. https://archive.ph/dVjVT
About. COVID Collaborative. Retrieved June 1, 2022, from https://archive.ph/mafYB
Advisory Board. Center of Regulatory Excellence (CoRE). Retrieved May 27, 2022, from https://archive.ph/16c2D
Dr. Margaret Hamburg. The Multi-Regional Clinical Trials Center of Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard. Retrieved May 27, 2022, from https://archive.ph/kVEbj
Hamburg, M. A. (2017, April 18). Hidden Risks: global supply chains, public health and global governance. Stanford University. https://archive.ph/pEHFz
Margaret Hamburg. The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved May 27, 2022, from https://archive.ph/VIzTP
Parker Institute Board Member Margaret Hamburg Named President-Elect of AAAS. (2017, January 3). Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy. https://archive.ph/cuH8C
Past Honorees. Primary Care Development Corporation. Retrieved May 28, 2022, from https://archive.ph/WTYmy
Margaret Hamburg, MD. The Women in Medicine Legacy Foundation. Retrieved May 27, 2022, from https://www.wimlf.org/margaret-hamburg-md
Margaret Hamburg. University of Washington - Department of Global Health. Retrieved May 27, 2022, from https://archive.ph/fSAoz
Urban Institute Board of Directors. (2017, June 14). Wayback Machine; Urban Institute. https://archive.ph/MevFj
Vaccines and Drug-resistant Infections Strategic Advisory Board. (2020, September 30). Wayback Machine; Wellcome Trust. https://archive.ph/eomX2
Council members. (2022). World Dementia Council. https://archive.ph/smpvW
The Next Frontier: Synthetic Biology. (2021, April 6). World Economic Forum. https://archive.ph/xE9f1
Margaret A. Hamburg. World Economic Forum. Retrieved May 27, 2022, from https://archive.ph/hd5I2
Margaret A. Hamburg. (2019). NNDB. https://archive.ph/ZNaFP
Excellent post on one of the less publicized but dramatically reprehensible woman involved in all this. Have found this kind of rot goes so deep I even end up being shocked with how deep and systemic this is. Convinced it is not as simple as “Capitalism” it is something at fault in the human heart. Greed? Power? Hubris? All, of course. Narcissistic Personality Disorder - there is a great deal of that. But this evil goes deeper.
Wow - Each of these organizations loops back to the other. I have tried for several hours to come up with a good analogy, but I keep getting stuck on these two: "incestuous like an Arkansas family tree" (inverted carrot) or "One ginormous bowl of group think topped off with a heaping blob of brown nose." I am leaning toward the second, but the first description also fits. Thank you Liam for all your research. It is NOT an easy task.